I think you have some misconceptions. First, power comes from the outside to your computer. The computer won’t trip a circuit breaker, that is caused by a surge in the power line.

Second, those cheap surge protectors are really just glorified power strips. They protect against small surges. Surges occur quite often and over time they can damage appliances. Surge protectors are rated in Joules. Until you hit something that protects at least 1000 Joules, the amount of protection offered is really minimal. A good spike is like a big wave over a beach breaker. The breaker can stop those small ones, but is little barrier to a large wave.

Your circuit breaker is designed to stop those large surges.

I would be concerned of a bad wire coming to the box (or a badly wired electrical box). I would also, after checking the power supply, get a UPS and not a surge protector. The UPS will intercept power, charge a battery, and then feed the computer power from the battery. If a surge comes again, the UPS will take the damage and the computer should be nice and safe.